HARRISBURG - Lobbyists spent $116 million to influence Pennsylvania lawmakers last year, a Times-Shamrock Newspapers review found.
That's a 10 percent increase over 2012, with the top areas of lobbying interest in energy, the state budget and health care overhaul issues, reports on lobbying spending show.
A peak lobbying period came last month as the bill-passing period ended for the two-year legislative session.
On session days, prominent lobbyists and lawmakers mingled at breakfast campaign fundraisers at downtown hotels, jammed tightly into small rooms for important committee meetings and often met again at evening fundraisers scattered across town.
In one example, lobbyists for the National Rifle Association were at the Capitol as House lawmakers passed a bill giving the NRA legal standing to challenge local gun ordinances in court. The NRA spent more than $43,000 on lobbying so far this year, according to the review.
As bills to reduce future public pension costs and privatize the state-run liquor system ran their course, special interest groups deployed lobbyists on both sides of Gov. Tom Corbett's unrealized agenda.
Lobbying commissions
Throughout the year, lobbyists turned out for meetings of the Commonwealth Financing Authority, a legislative-dominated agency that doles out millions of dollars for economic development, transportation and energy projects, and the Independent Regulatory Review Commission, an agency that reviews the regulations drawn up by agencies to implement state laws. While outside the public spotlight, actions taken by these agencies can be just as important as passing or stopping a bill.
The financing authority distributed $12.4 million in slot machine revenue from Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs to local projects in Luzerne County in September, for example.
The regulatory review commission approved a $300 biennial registration fee for lobbyists last month, representing a $100 increase that goes to support a state lobbyist disclosure website.
The registration fee increase had been debated for several years amid concerns that an overly costly fee would force small businesses and nonprofits to stop lobbying.
"The lobbyist disclosure act is so broad it really encompasses everyone who tries to work with the administration on any level," said Gabrielle Sedor, president of the Pennsylvania Association for Government Relations.
Lobbyists work on behalf of large manufacturers, trade associations, colleges and universities, environmental groups, unions, local government associations, animal rights groups and nonprofits.
A shale play
The natural gas industry is the newest major player on the Harrisburg scene. The enactment of a driller impact fee in 2012, continued debate over levying a state severance tax on natural gas production and issues involving gas leases account for the strong industry presence.
This year, public disgruntlement over gas royalty payments became a legislative issue.
Leaseholders in Bradford, Susquehanna and Lycoming counties complained about the practice by Chesapeake Appalachia of deducting post-production costs tied to Marcellus drilling from gas lease payments.
Representatives in Northeast Pennsylvania pushed unsuccessfully this session for legislation to limit what Marcellus drillers can deduct from royalty payments. They plan to reintroduce the legislation next session.
Chesapeake Appalachia spent $226,000 on lobbying during the first half of this year, according to reports.
Cabot Oil & Gas spent more than $80,000 on lobbying during the first half.
The Marcellus Shale Coalition, an umbrella trade association, spent more than $1.8 million during the first half of the year. The coalition lobbied on issues involving energy, environmental, consumer affairs, municipalities, safety, taxes and the state budget.
The natural gas industry spent $3.5 million in 2010 on lobbying, according to the newspaper's analysis.
Lobbying more open
Disclosure of lobbying spending is relatively new in Pennsylvania even though the practice of lobbying is as old as the commonwealth. A century ago, the lobbyist for the powerful Pennsylvania Railroad was referred to as the 51st state senator.
The 2006 state lobbyist disclosure law requires corporations and trade associations that spent more than $2,500 in any quarter to register, broadly categorize how the money is spent, including for office expenses and salaries, and identify general issues on which they lobby.
The $116 million lobbying sum for 2013 is broken down in three categories:
-- $80.7 million for direct communications (including standing office and personnel expenses) to influence a state official or lawmaker.
- $33.1 million for indirect communications to the general public in the form of ads and mailings.
- $2.1 million for gifts, hospitality and lodging for officials, their employees or immediate family members.
It's not easy to find out the gift recipients.
For example, the Marcellus Shale Coalition reported spending more than $20,000 on gifts during the year's first half, but identified no recipients.
Under the law, lobbyists and their employers only have to identify individuals who received gifts worth $250 or more in one year, and individuals and their families receiving payment or reimbursement for lodging, transportation and hospitality that exceeds $650 in one year.
Revelations earlier this year that four Philadelphia House members allegedly accepted cash gifts from an confidential informant during a sting operation led the House and Senate to adopt rules banning lawmakers from accepting cash gifts.
But bills to enact a total ban on gifts from lobbyists to lawmakers and public officials didn't make much headway this session.
"We need a lobby law without loopholes," said Capitol activist Eric Epstein of RockTheCapital.com. "Either ban or cash and gifts or report all cash and gifts."
He suggested that lobbyists expect something in return for gifts to elected officials.
"Gifts, gratuities and trips aren't freebies and come with strings attached," said Epstein.
'Sham'
The Department of State provides quarterly reports on lobbying costs broken down by about 100 broad subjects, including workers compensation, reproductive rights and transportation. An undetermined portion of these costs may be duplicative since individual lobbyists, lobby firms and the firms or institutions that hire them often list more than one topic on which they lobby.
There's no way to determine whether the same cost is reported more than once by these three categories of reports, said Trisha Malehorn, chief of the Department of State's division of campaign finance and lobbying disclosure.
Still, these quarterly reports provide a look at bouts of activity surrounding a governor's or legislative agenda. For example, lobbying costs associated with the $29 billion state budget were $900,000 higher in the second quarter of 2014, which covers the budget passage, than in the first quarter.
The department's reports should be fine-tuned to separate the office and personnel costs and better define on what issues lobbyists and employers are working, said Barry Kauffman, executive director of Common Cause Pennsylvania.
The way lobbyists report issues they're working on "is pretty much a sham," he said.